1. lobster, kamba – Crayfish: Lobsters come from the sea; crayfish come from freshwater. Crayfish (also known as crawfish) also tend to be smaller. Further confusion over these wanyama exists in some countries like Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa where the term crayfish is often used when referring to lobster.

2. Broth – supu – Stock: While these terms are often used interchangeably, they do all have a difference. Stock is water (and optionally other liquids) in which vegetables au wanyama au both are simmered over a long period to extract flavors. Stock normally contains no salt. When wewe add salt to the stock to make it tasty it becomes a broth. Broth is a type of supu – supu is a liquid savory chakula which can be thin (broth) au thick. Stock is not supu as it is not meant to be eaten until it is combined with seasonings.

3. Ghost – Ghoul: A ghost is the departed soul of a dead human. A ghoul is an immaterial being who never lived as a human. Ghouls come from Arabic legends in which they are creatures that eat stolen corpses and children.

4. shrimp, kamba – Prawn: Most people consider shrimps to be small and prawns to be large. But in fact wewe can get large shrimps and small prawns too. They are from the same order (Decapoda) but different suborders – prawns are Dendrobranchiata and shrimps are Pleocyemata. The way to tell whether wewe are eating a prawn, kamba au a shrimp, kamba wewe need to look beneath the tail. On a shrimp, kamba the sekunde plate overlaps the first and third plates – on a prawn, kamba only the sekunde plate overlaps the third.

5. mashua – Ship: Basically ships are bigger. Boats weight less than 500 tons while ships weigh zaidi than 500 tons. A ship can carry boats (such as lifeboats) and ships always require a license from an authority to sail. Some boats need a license but most don’t (fishing boats, for example). It should be noted that the definition does vary from region to region.

6. mamba – Alligator: Both crocodiles and alligators are from the Crocodilia family and both thrive in freshwater. But there the difference ends. Alligators are black and crocodiles are mizeituni, mzeituni brown. Alligators have u-shaped snouts to make it easier to crush their prey while crocodiles have a v-shaped snout to make it easier to catch fish.

7. Dracula – Vampire: Dracula is a vampire – a creature that exists kwa drinking human blood. Wanyonya damu have existed as part of human society for millennia whereas Dracula is the embodiment of Prince Vlad Tepes “the impaler” from Romania. The term Dracula comes from Vlad’s patronymic name “Dracula” – his full title was Vlad III Dracula, Prince of Wallachia and he was born in 1431 – dying in 1476.

8. koki – Pepsi: Pepsi cola – originally known as “Brad’s Drink” was invented in North Carolina in 1893. Its new name comes from the enzyme “pepsin” which is found in it. The main differences are that pepsi is sweeter, has a stronger cola flavor – but otherwise their ingredients are essentially the same. koki is fruitier and fizzier.

9. Great Britain – United Kingdom: Great Britain is the geographical area comprising England, Scotland, and Wales (Britain on its own – a term seldom used – refers to the political entity of England and Wales only). The United Kingdom is what wewe get when wewe combine Great Britain with Northern Ireland.

10. Speed – Velocity: To put is in its most basic sense: speed is distance / time; velocity is displacement / time – in other words velocity also takes into consideration the direction of the object being measured.

11. Mass – Weight: Mass tells us how much matter an object contains. Weight tells us the pull of gravity on an object. Mass remains the same wherever wewe weigh it – the Moon, Earth, Jupiter. The weight changes at least location because there is a different amount of gravity pull on the object.

12. Sex – Gender: Sex is determined kwa anatomy but gender is determined kwa sexual identity – it is those characteristics kwa which we tell the sexes apart (not including genitals) – this is a socially constructed concept. So inayofuata time wewe see a toilet with “Males” au “Females” on the door – beware – those toilets have sex organs!

13. Affect – Effect: Affect is a verb (unless wewe are a psychologist in which case it refers to feelings and desires) and effect is a noun. wewe affect an effect. When wewe affect something, it creates an effect. John built (affect – verb) a house (effect – noun).

14. Weather – Climate: Weather is here today and gone tomorrow – it is the siku to siku situation of the atmosphere in a particular place au time. For example: the weather today is humid and warm. Climate, on the other hand, is the pattern of weather that a particular region experiences over a long period of time. For example the summer climate refers to the weather through the whole three mwezi summer period.

15. HIV – AIDS: HIV is a virus that weakens the human immune system over time. With proper treatment it can remain stable for many years without worsening. If, however, it is untreated, it can develop to a highly advanced level in which case it is called AIDS. AIDS is a syndrome because virtually any disease au infection can cause fatal harm to a person because they are no longer able to fight off the illness.

16. College – University: In the US a college and chuo kikuu, chuo kikuu cha are essentially the same thing – they are interchangeable terms – they are both institutions which give degrees. In commonwealth nations the terms are zaidi confused. A college can be a school affiliated with a chuo kikuu, chuo kikuu cha – the college prepares the student for the degree and the chuo kikuu, chuo kikuu cha with which it is affiliated gives the degree. But some “colleges” in the UK are really secondary schools (such as a high school in the UK) – one famous example is Eton College. And then in Australia and New Zealand, “college” means high school.

17. Hurricane – Cyclone: All hurricanes are cyclones but only cyclones over 74mph are hurricanes. In addition to that a cyclone hits in the Indian Ocean au Southwestern Pacific Ocean. A hurricane hits in the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Pacific.

18. butterfly, kipepeo – Moth: Butterflies are seen in the siku whilst moths are seen at night. butterfly, kipepeo antennas are knobbed, long, and thin but nondo antennas are short and hairy. When sleeping a butterfly, kipepeo closes its wings but a nondo doesn’t.

19. Pill – Tablet: All pills are tablets but not all tablets are pills. Properly speaking a pill is round shaped and a tablet is anything else.

20. Race – Ethnicity: Race is the major physical divisions between humans which have unique characteristics. Ethnicity is the cultural tradition. wewe can’t say your ethnicity is black – that is an aspect of your race. Ethnicity contains the customs and traditions from a region. Race cannot be changed – ethnicity can through learning new customs and replacing old.