Oh, fallacies!
So.. as stupid as this may sound, I've never really known about fallacies. That is, until this year, when we learned about them. To tell wewe the truth, I felt pretty stupid after that English lesson.. not because I had never known about fallacies, but because I realized that I used them in A LOT of arguments. O.o
So I guess I just wanna orodha a couple of maarufu ones, and define them for any of wewe who also don't really know about fallacies, and just talk a bit about them and how I've used them before.
1. ad hominem
This is when the arguer attacks the person instead of the argument they're making.
Well well well well. I'm not sure if I do this often, because I can't bring myself to remember a time I criticized a person instead of their argument, but then again, I could have been doing it subconsciously. Here is an example of a person using the ad hominem fallacy:
Person 1: mbwa are better than cats.
Person 2: No, Cats are better!
Person 1: mbwa are better because they are zaidi trusting and loving than cats.
Person 2: Cats are loving creatures too.
Person 1: I didn't say Cats weren't loving, but mbwa are zaidi loving than them.
Person 2: You're such an idiot! Any smart person knows that Cats are better!
See? If wewe were the sekunde person in this argument, wewe probably even wouldn't realize that wewe were using a fallacy. Why? Because it's just a reflex wewe have when you're in an argument, and you're frustrated. It might be because wewe don't have any evidence au facts to support your side of the argument left, au maybe you're in the heat of the argument and wewe say that out of passion. Who knows… the point is it's stupid. It might not sound stupid then, but if wewe review the argument later on, wewe realize how stupid it was. What's even worse is that the person you're arguing with will probably notice that you're attacking them instead of their argument, and that doesn't give off a good impression. -.-
***
2. ad ignorantiam
When wewe state that a specific belief is true because we don't know that it's not true.
Haha! Sorry, it's just that I use this one….. A LOT. I'm Christian, and so I'm always ready to defend the existence of God, but I've never realized how often my arguments use this fallacy. Here's an example:
Atheist: God doesn't exist.
Me: Yes, He does.
Atheist: How do wewe know that?
Me: Because wewe don't know for sure that He doesn't. There isn't any real evidence.
O.O
I do this in almost any argument about religion, and I'm sure wewe do too in any kind of argument really. It's hard not to… I mean, it seems like the PERFECT response, when in fact, it isn't. I guess it's an easy-way-out, when wewe don't have any evidence to back yourself up. Heh. Quite sad really, so be careful about this one! It's hard to not use it at times..
***
3. Argument from authority
When wewe state that something is true because an individual of high authority au power says so.
"You must upendo others because God alisema so." This is probably my state of mind at all times, but in this case, it isn't a bad thing because I'm not arguing with anyone, and when was loving someone a bad thing?! An example of this fallacy would be:
Person 1: Aliens exist.
Person 2: How do wewe know?
Person 1: Well, there have been UFO sightings kwa airline pilots, so that's proof that they exist.
Person 2: Can wewe trust these airline pilots?
Person 1: Of course! They are trained observers, they're reliable, and don't panic in emergencies. They are completely trustworthy.
I'm not sure how many of wewe use this fallacy in your arguments, but it's understandable because it seems like common sense to trust any professional. The only thing wewe need to know is that highly educated people can sometimes be wrong~ we are human after all.
***
4. Post Hoc au Doubtful Cause
Because one event follows another, the first event must be the cause for the second.
I'm pretty sure that people do this a lot, because it seems logical, and sometimes it could be the case. However, there are other factors that can cause a situation, besides the prior event. Here is an example of this fallacy:
I didn't do my Math homework, and I failed the inayofuata Math test we had. My Math teacher failed me because I didn't do his/her work.
..or another example I like:
Since Obama has come into office; unemployment has increased. Obama's policies have caused zaidi people to be unemployed.
As wewe can see, it's pretty straightforward. This fallacy is very much about assumptions, so wewe can pretty much say that whenever wewe make an assumption, wewe might be using this fallacy! Be cautious assumptive arguments.
***
5. False Analogy
Assuming a similarity between two things, people, au situations when in fact the two things being compared are not similar in any fashion.
I do this a lot, especially when I'm arguing with my brother. I guess it's because I'm trying to think of a comparison, and go with the first thing that comes to mind, which often ends up being a useless comparison. Here is an example of a false analogy:
This meatball pasta, tambi tastes like heaven!
A simple harmless face…. laced with a false analogy. A meatball pasta, tambi has a physical existence, whereas heaven is spiritual. Therefore, wewe cannot compare the two, because they are completely different from each other. On the other hand, wewe won't be taken to jail if wewe do, because you're merely hyperbole to express and emphasize how wewe feel about the pasta. The only time wewe shouldn't use a hyperbole is if you're trying to make a serious argument… wewe don't want to exaggerate then, but be clear and concise.
***
6. Non sequitur
When wewe make an argument in which the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.
Sounds kinda like the post hoc right? Well, it's similar in some ways, but the difference is that the post hoc is due to a lack of a casual connect, but the non sequitur fallacy is due to a lack of a logical connection. Non sequiturs are jumps in logic, that really make no sense. Here is an example, I had to take it from this site: <link> because I actually had trouble thinking of my own:
There is a God; the Bible says God created the Earth about 6000 years ago. Therefore, the world is only about 6000 years old.
I'm not sure if I even need to say much about this, because it's pretty straightforward. I can't say that I use this fallacy a lot, but wewe can think of times when wewe might have. :P
***
7. Slippery Slope
Stating that an event will result from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.
This is one of my favorites, because I use it a lot, and I'm sure other people do too. :D Don't like.. there is one point in your life when you've done this. Probably for emphasis au something, because this fallacy seems like the kind wewe purposely use, not accidentally. Eh, any-who… Here's an example:
We have to stop global warming, otherwise in a couple of years, we'll all be dead!
…another famous one:
wewe can never give anyone a break. If wewe do, they'll walk over you.
Slippery slopes usually jump a couple of steps, so instead of going from Point A to Point B, wewe end up going from Point A to Point E. So, even though global warming is ruining our planet, and will cause HUGE issues in the future, if wewe state your argument like I did above, it sounds quite ridiculous. Even the sekunde example may be true, but wewe can't state that giving even one person a break will cause everyone to walk over you. I think all the fallacies I've mentioned have one moral: Think before wewe speak. Lol.. otherwise, wewe end up sounding quite stupid, for lack of a better word.
***
8. Straw Man
When wewe misinterpret au set up a fake/weaker example of someone's argument, and then disagree with the fake argument.
I do this a lot, except I don't even know when I do. Whenever I argue about the existence of God, I usually do this because it's just easier than trying to argue with the real argument, lol. I don't do it on purpose though, but I'm pretty sure that all them Atheists I argue with think I am.. ^.^ Here is an example:
Boy: Dad, can we get a dog?
Father: No son.
Boy: But why?
Father: Because a dog is a lot of work, and we don't have the time and patience to take care of one.
Boy: A dog would be great protection! wewe want to leave our house unprotected!
Seems kind of silly when wewe read it, but wewe probably do that everyday if your life. Face it, wewe do. Whether on purpose au not, wewe do because that's just the way it is. Great debaters always make sure to argue with the other person's argument, and not with a straw man. I am not a great debater, so I always make that mistake. It's actually REALLY hard.. wewe have no idea. It's like a subconscious thing. :P Argh, stupid straw man.
***
9. Begging the swali au Circular Reasoning
Making an argument in which each stage of the argument uses the awali stage as justification.
Basically, going around in circles. I do this a lot as well, because like most of these fallacies, it just makes things easier! It also makes a lot of sense while typing the argument, but when someone points it out and wewe re-read what wewe wrote…. yeah, it looks pretty dumb. Here is an example:
Believer: God does exist.
Non-believer: How do wewe know?
Believer: Because the Bible says so.
Non-believer: How do wewe know the Bible is saying the truth?
Believer: Because it was written kwa God.
I actually googled this example, and the first time I read it, I didn't see the fallacy. It seemed like a perfectly normal and valid argument to me! Hahaha! I really need to reevaluate myself. Anyway, after the 3rd read, I got it and I had to smack myself on the forehead, because I probably use circular reasoning a lot. :P I'm sure wewe do as well… let's face it. It's just one of those things that's sekunde nature…. au maybe that's just me.
***
10. Appeal to maarufu Opinion
When wewe claim that an idea au belief is true because it's what most people believe.
Another common one, that EVERYONE uses. Don't lie to yourself, wewe do it all the time. When wewe decide to buy the new iPhone au new muziki album kwa Rihanna, you're using this fallacy; the only reason you're buying those items is because EVERYONE says they're great. Here is an example of this fallacy:
Me: I have to go see the Avengers!
Wendy: Why?
Me: Because it's a great movie!
Wendy: How do wewe know? wewe haven't even watched it..
Me: Because everyone says it's great!
Just a side note: the Avengers actually is a pretty epic movie, so wewe should watch it. Anyway, this fallacy is very very popular, because it's usually how we make decisions in life.. lol. However, if you're an independent, strong individual, then perhaps wewe don't succumb to using this fallacy. O.o
So.. as stupid as this may sound, I've never really known about fallacies. That is, until this year, when we learned about them. To tell wewe the truth, I felt pretty stupid after that English lesson.. not because I had never known about fallacies, but because I realized that I used them in A LOT of arguments. O.o
So I guess I just wanna orodha a couple of maarufu ones, and define them for any of wewe who also don't really know about fallacies, and just talk a bit about them and how I've used them before.
1. ad hominem
This is when the arguer attacks the person instead of the argument they're making.
Well well well well. I'm not sure if I do this often, because I can't bring myself to remember a time I criticized a person instead of their argument, but then again, I could have been doing it subconsciously. Here is an example of a person using the ad hominem fallacy:
Person 1: mbwa are better than cats.
Person 2: No, Cats are better!
Person 1: mbwa are better because they are zaidi trusting and loving than cats.
Person 2: Cats are loving creatures too.
Person 1: I didn't say Cats weren't loving, but mbwa are zaidi loving than them.
Person 2: You're such an idiot! Any smart person knows that Cats are better!
See? If wewe were the sekunde person in this argument, wewe probably even wouldn't realize that wewe were using a fallacy. Why? Because it's just a reflex wewe have when you're in an argument, and you're frustrated. It might be because wewe don't have any evidence au facts to support your side of the argument left, au maybe you're in the heat of the argument and wewe say that out of passion. Who knows… the point is it's stupid. It might not sound stupid then, but if wewe review the argument later on, wewe realize how stupid it was. What's even worse is that the person you're arguing with will probably notice that you're attacking them instead of their argument, and that doesn't give off a good impression. -.-
***
2. ad ignorantiam
When wewe state that a specific belief is true because we don't know that it's not true.
Haha! Sorry, it's just that I use this one….. A LOT. I'm Christian, and so I'm always ready to defend the existence of God, but I've never realized how often my arguments use this fallacy. Here's an example:
Atheist: God doesn't exist.
Me: Yes, He does.
Atheist: How do wewe know that?
Me: Because wewe don't know for sure that He doesn't. There isn't any real evidence.
O.O
I do this in almost any argument about religion, and I'm sure wewe do too in any kind of argument really. It's hard not to… I mean, it seems like the PERFECT response, when in fact, it isn't. I guess it's an easy-way-out, when wewe don't have any evidence to back yourself up. Heh. Quite sad really, so be careful about this one! It's hard to not use it at times..
***
3. Argument from authority
When wewe state that something is true because an individual of high authority au power says so.
"You must upendo others because God alisema so." This is probably my state of mind at all times, but in this case, it isn't a bad thing because I'm not arguing with anyone, and when was loving someone a bad thing?! An example of this fallacy would be:
Person 1: Aliens exist.
Person 2: How do wewe know?
Person 1: Well, there have been UFO sightings kwa airline pilots, so that's proof that they exist.
Person 2: Can wewe trust these airline pilots?
Person 1: Of course! They are trained observers, they're reliable, and don't panic in emergencies. They are completely trustworthy.
I'm not sure how many of wewe use this fallacy in your arguments, but it's understandable because it seems like common sense to trust any professional. The only thing wewe need to know is that highly educated people can sometimes be wrong~ we are human after all.
***
4. Post Hoc au Doubtful Cause
Because one event follows another, the first event must be the cause for the second.
I'm pretty sure that people do this a lot, because it seems logical, and sometimes it could be the case. However, there are other factors that can cause a situation, besides the prior event. Here is an example of this fallacy:
I didn't do my Math homework, and I failed the inayofuata Math test we had. My Math teacher failed me because I didn't do his/her work.
..or another example I like:
Since Obama has come into office; unemployment has increased. Obama's policies have caused zaidi people to be unemployed.
As wewe can see, it's pretty straightforward. This fallacy is very much about assumptions, so wewe can pretty much say that whenever wewe make an assumption, wewe might be using this fallacy! Be cautious assumptive arguments.
***
5. False Analogy
Assuming a similarity between two things, people, au situations when in fact the two things being compared are not similar in any fashion.
I do this a lot, especially when I'm arguing with my brother. I guess it's because I'm trying to think of a comparison, and go with the first thing that comes to mind, which often ends up being a useless comparison. Here is an example of a false analogy:
This meatball pasta, tambi tastes like heaven!
A simple harmless face…. laced with a false analogy. A meatball pasta, tambi has a physical existence, whereas heaven is spiritual. Therefore, wewe cannot compare the two, because they are completely different from each other. On the other hand, wewe won't be taken to jail if wewe do, because you're merely hyperbole to express and emphasize how wewe feel about the pasta. The only time wewe shouldn't use a hyperbole is if you're trying to make a serious argument… wewe don't want to exaggerate then, but be clear and concise.
***
6. Non sequitur
When wewe make an argument in which the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.
Sounds kinda like the post hoc right? Well, it's similar in some ways, but the difference is that the post hoc is due to a lack of a casual connect, but the non sequitur fallacy is due to a lack of a logical connection. Non sequiturs are jumps in logic, that really make no sense. Here is an example, I had to take it from this site: <link> because I actually had trouble thinking of my own:
There is a God; the Bible says God created the Earth about 6000 years ago. Therefore, the world is only about 6000 years old.
I'm not sure if I even need to say much about this, because it's pretty straightforward. I can't say that I use this fallacy a lot, but wewe can think of times when wewe might have. :P
***
7. Slippery Slope
Stating that an event will result from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.
This is one of my favorites, because I use it a lot, and I'm sure other people do too. :D Don't like.. there is one point in your life when you've done this. Probably for emphasis au something, because this fallacy seems like the kind wewe purposely use, not accidentally. Eh, any-who… Here's an example:
We have to stop global warming, otherwise in a couple of years, we'll all be dead!
…another famous one:
wewe can never give anyone a break. If wewe do, they'll walk over you.
Slippery slopes usually jump a couple of steps, so instead of going from Point A to Point B, wewe end up going from Point A to Point E. So, even though global warming is ruining our planet, and will cause HUGE issues in the future, if wewe state your argument like I did above, it sounds quite ridiculous. Even the sekunde example may be true, but wewe can't state that giving even one person a break will cause everyone to walk over you. I think all the fallacies I've mentioned have one moral: Think before wewe speak. Lol.. otherwise, wewe end up sounding quite stupid, for lack of a better word.
***
8. Straw Man
When wewe misinterpret au set up a fake/weaker example of someone's argument, and then disagree with the fake argument.
I do this a lot, except I don't even know when I do. Whenever I argue about the existence of God, I usually do this because it's just easier than trying to argue with the real argument, lol. I don't do it on purpose though, but I'm pretty sure that all them Atheists I argue with think I am.. ^.^ Here is an example:
Boy: Dad, can we get a dog?
Father: No son.
Boy: But why?
Father: Because a dog is a lot of work, and we don't have the time and patience to take care of one.
Boy: A dog would be great protection! wewe want to leave our house unprotected!
Seems kind of silly when wewe read it, but wewe probably do that everyday if your life. Face it, wewe do. Whether on purpose au not, wewe do because that's just the way it is. Great debaters always make sure to argue with the other person's argument, and not with a straw man. I am not a great debater, so I always make that mistake. It's actually REALLY hard.. wewe have no idea. It's like a subconscious thing. :P Argh, stupid straw man.
***
9. Begging the swali au Circular Reasoning
Making an argument in which each stage of the argument uses the awali stage as justification.
Basically, going around in circles. I do this a lot as well, because like most of these fallacies, it just makes things easier! It also makes a lot of sense while typing the argument, but when someone points it out and wewe re-read what wewe wrote…. yeah, it looks pretty dumb. Here is an example:
Believer: God does exist.
Non-believer: How do wewe know?
Believer: Because the Bible says so.
Non-believer: How do wewe know the Bible is saying the truth?
Believer: Because it was written kwa God.
I actually googled this example, and the first time I read it, I didn't see the fallacy. It seemed like a perfectly normal and valid argument to me! Hahaha! I really need to reevaluate myself. Anyway, after the 3rd read, I got it and I had to smack myself on the forehead, because I probably use circular reasoning a lot. :P I'm sure wewe do as well… let's face it. It's just one of those things that's sekunde nature…. au maybe that's just me.
***
10. Appeal to maarufu Opinion
When wewe claim that an idea au belief is true because it's what most people believe.
Another common one, that EVERYONE uses. Don't lie to yourself, wewe do it all the time. When wewe decide to buy the new iPhone au new muziki album kwa Rihanna, you're using this fallacy; the only reason you're buying those items is because EVERYONE says they're great. Here is an example of this fallacy:
Me: I have to go see the Avengers!
Wendy: Why?
Me: Because it's a great movie!
Wendy: How do wewe know? wewe haven't even watched it..
Me: Because everyone says it's great!
Just a side note: the Avengers actually is a pretty epic movie, so wewe should watch it. Anyway, this fallacy is very very popular, because it's usually how we make decisions in life.. lol. However, if you're an independent, strong individual, then perhaps wewe don't succumb to using this fallacy. O.o
There was a boy called Jake who always got teased at school he got because he was different one siku he he cme back to school it looked like a normal siku but while everyone walked around Jake acted himself like every normal siku but when the kengele rang for clas he got a 44 moto arm he shot lot's of the kids teacher too so wewe let that be a lesson for wewe if wewe had not teased him he would have been fine who knows wewe could have even saved his life.
Afew days past and Jake was dead he had decided to shoot himself in the head many people blammed it all jake when really it was there own fault at take.
Afew days past and Jake was dead he had decided to shoot himself in the head many people blammed it all jake when really it was there own fault at take.
M R snakes.
M A no snakes.
O S M R snakes.
CDBDI's?
O S! M R snakes!
AAAAAAAAAA!
-My dad told me this one years and years ago. I'd almost forgotten it until tonight. Here's another one:
Mairzy dotes and dozy dotes and liddlamszy divy.
-The answer: Mares eat oats and does eat oats and little lambs eat ivy.
And an old knock-knock joke:
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Banana.
banana, ndizi who?
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Banana.
banana, ndizi who?
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Banana.
banana, ndizi who?
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Orange.
machungwa, chungwa who?
machungwa, chungwa wewe glad I didn't say banana, ndizi again?
Hope wewe had fun!
M A no snakes.
O S M R snakes.
CDBDI's?
O S! M R snakes!
AAAAAAAAAA!
-My dad told me this one years and years ago. I'd almost forgotten it until tonight. Here's another one:
Mairzy dotes and dozy dotes and liddlamszy divy.
-The answer: Mares eat oats and does eat oats and little lambs eat ivy.
And an old knock-knock joke:
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Banana.
banana, ndizi who?
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Banana.
banana, ndizi who?
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Banana.
banana, ndizi who?
Knock, knock.
Who's there?
Orange.
machungwa, chungwa who?
machungwa, chungwa wewe glad I didn't say banana, ndizi again?
Hope wewe had fun!
It was around 12:30 and I was at the grocery, I was busy getting some apples when a teenage boy goes over to me and hands me a cold bottle of water and a magazine. I thanked him, but apon kusoma the magazine it was full of lies. It was trying to convert me to Christianity, so before I drank the water, I threw the ice-cold water in his face, dropped the magazine, and alisema "If your so-called "God" exsisted, why didn't he stop me from doing that?" The boy simply replied "Because your denying his love". Right away, I replied "Oh please, If there was a God, I bet wewe he'd rather prefer a good honest Athiest than a preacher on Televison going around lying about his healing powers". He was angered "And how do wewe know who God would prefer?!" If it was even possible at the time, I was calmer than before and answered. "The very same way the bible was made". I smiled warmly as I saw him stomp away with anger.